Abstract

Water and Wastewater (W&Ww) networks are vital for the smooth running of economies, environments, and general populations worldwide. Because cyber and physical systems are interconnected, they are highly vulnerable, so ensuring their safety and dependability has become a major concern. Due to the interconnected nature of the system, any failure caused by natural disasters, malicious attacks, or technical flaws may cascade through various sectors leading to significant disruptions. The research uses system dynamics modeling methodology to investigate and map vulnerabilities and possible consequences by simulating 40 distinct attacks against 4 different architectures. The system's interactions are modelled using causal loop diagrams that represent different factors, such as performance and vulnerabilities, and how they interact and evolve. Preliminary results show varying degrees of vulnerability across infrastructures highlighting the need to prioritize investment in critical areas.